Development and diversification of machines and mechanisms with applications in all areas of scientific research requires new systematization and improvement of existing mechanical systems by creating new mechanisms adapted to the modern requirements; the gearing mechanisms are found today everywhere: in the industry of machinery construction, in energy industry, in aeronautics and aerospace, in electronics& Electrical, in oil industry, in mechatronics and robotics, etc. In this context this book attempts to bring a contribution to science and technology applied in the kinematic and dynamic analysis and synthesis of mechanisms with gearings. The book presents an original method to determine the efficiency of the gearing; the originality of this method relies on the eliminated friction modulus. With the relations presented in this paper, one can synthesize the gear�??s mechanisms; the best efficiency can be obtained with the internal gearing when the drive wheel 1 is the ring.

Welcome! A Short Book Description: This book, try a vision about the tomorrow Earth's energies. Besides the traditional energies, are presented and possible new energies source. The author presents shortly, the annihilation process, which can donate energies obtained by the annihilation process between a particle and its antiparticle. Practically it proposes obtaining energy by the process of annihilation of matter with the antimatter. Another proposed method is the acquiring energy from the source and retransmitting it on the Earth in concentrated form.

Save the Ozone Shield of the Earth!

Academics Descriptive Geometry

A Short Book Description This paper is a scientific view, uniform, general, comprehensive and unbiased of the main problems posed by mechanical systems, mobile, serial and parallel. It gives an overview, followed by geometric and kinematic study of the serial and parallel structures. It continues with an introduction in the dynamics these systems. At the serial systems are studied both direct and indirect kinematics, while at the parallel systems is studied only indirect kinematics (this being more useful). Presentation is closely linked of the basic methods of calculating the matrix, which are introduced step by step for a easy understanding of the each sequence. The book is divided into 14 chapters, who have been based on our courses, prepared for our students of the next disciplines: mechatronics, industrial robots, manipulators, automated welding, etc.. The paper is addressed equally to all specialists and to all future specialists which are working in these areas. The book is written in Romanian.

This book aims to achieve a scientific group known like planetary type mechanisms. Constructively, structurally and kinematically, the planetary mechanisms (the planetary trains) are generally composed of spur gears and bars. In premiere, the book determines the real efficiency of the planetary trains. Automatic transmissions have been added slowly from airplanes to automobiles, and were then generalized to various vehicles. By using the formulas indicated in this book for calculating dynamics of planetary mechanisms, used in aircraft and vehicles, the automatic transmissions can be achieved better than those known today. The book is written in romanian.

This book aims to achieve a scientific group known like planetary type mechanisms. Constructively, structurally and kinematically, the planetary mechanisms (the planetary trains) are generally composed of spur gears and bars. In premiere, the book determines the real efficiency of the planetary trains. Automatic transmissions have been added slowly from airplanes to automobiles, and were then generalized to various vehicles. By using the formulas indicated in this book for calculating dynamics of planetary mechanisms, used in aircraft and vehicles, the automatic transmissions can be achieved better than those known today. The book is written in romanian.

Victoria's Store About Victoria Petrescu Author Image Nihil Sine Deo Ph.D. Eng. Relly Victoria PETRESCU Senior Lecturer at UPB (Bucharest Polytechnic University), GDGI Department.

The first chapter presents a brief history of the emergence and development of the internal combustion engines, because they have developed the distribution mechanisms. The second chapter presents some dynamic models used to study the mechanisms of distribution. Chapter 3 presents the actual dynamics of distribution mechanisms, exemplified by the traditional mechanism with rotary cam and follower (flat, with translant movement). Chapter 4 makes the dynamic analysis for traditional distribution system. Chapter 5, dealing with dynamic study of the mechanism with rotary cam and translant follower with roller. Chapter 6, dealing with F dynamic module, who is still as well with a roller follower, but which has a rotating movement. Chapter 7 (the last) presents more focused, module H, which representing the rotary cam with flat rotating follower. The book is written in Romanian.

Welcome! A Short Book Description: This book, try a vision about the tomorrow Earth's energies. Besides the traditional energies, are presented and possible new energies source. The author presents shortly, the annihilation process, which can donate energies obtained by the annihilation process between a particle and its antiparticle. Practically it proposes obtaining energy by the process of annihilation of matter with the antimatter. Another proposed method is the acquiring energy from the source and retransmitting it on the Earth in concentrated form.

Welcome! A Short Book Description: This book, try a vision about the tomorrow Earth's energies. Besides the traditional energies, are presented and possible new energies source. The author presents shortly, the annihilation process, which can donate energies obtained by the annihilation process between a particle and its antiparticle. Practically it proposes obtaining energy by the process of annihilation of matter with the antimatter. Another proposed method is the acquiring energy from the source and retransmitting it on the Earth in concentrated form.

Development and diversification of machines and mechanisms with applications in all areas of scientific research requires new systematization and improvement of existing mechanical systems by creating new mechanisms adapted to the modern requirements; the gearing mechanisms are found today everywhere: in the industry of machinery construction, in energy industry, in aeronautics and aerospace, in electronics& Electrical, in oil industry, in mechatronics and robotics, etc. In this context this book attempts to bring a contribution to science and technology applied in the kinematic and dynamic analysis and synthesis of mechanisms with gearings. The book presents an original method to determine the efficiency of the gearing; the originality of this method relies on the eliminated friction modulus. With the relations presented in this paper, one can synthesize the gear�??s mechanisms; the best efficiency can be obtained with the internal gearing when the drive wheel 1 is the ring.

Development and diversification of machines and mechanisms with applications in all areas of scientific research requires new systematization and improvement of existing mechanical systems by creating new mechanisms adapted to the modern requirements; the gearing mechanisms are found today everywhere: in the industry of machinery construction, in energy industry, in aeronautics and aerospace, in electronics& Electrical, in oil industry, in mechatronics and robotics, etc. In this context this book attempts to bring a contribution to science and technology applied in the kinematic and dynamic analysis and synthesis of mechanisms with gearings. The book presents an original method to determine the efficiency of the gearing; the originality of this method relies on the eliminated friction modulus. With the relations presented in this paper, one can synthesize the gear�??s mechanisms; the best efficiency can be obtained with the internal gearing when the drive wheel 1 is the ring.

This book aims to achieve a scientific group known like planetary type mechanisms. Constructively, structurally and kinematically, the planetary mechanisms (the planetary trains) are generally composed of spur gears and bars. In premiere, the book determines the real efficiency of the planetary trains. Automatic transmissions have been added slowly from airplanes to automobiles, and were then generalized to various vehicles. By using the formulas indicated in this book for calculating dynamics of planetary mechanisms, used in aircraft and vehicles, the automatic transmissions can be achieved better than those known today. The book is written in romanian.

This book aims to achieve a scientific group known like planetary type mechanisms. Constructively, structurally and kinematically, the planetary mechanisms (the planetary trains) are generally composed of spur gears and bars. In premiere, the book determines the real efficiency of the planetary trains. Automatic transmissions have been added slowly from airplanes to automobiles, and were then generalized to various vehicles. By using the formulas indicated in this book for calculating dynamics of planetary mechanisms, used in aircraft and vehicles, the automatic transmissions can be achieved better than those known today. The book is written in romanian.

The first chapter presents a brief history of the emergence and development of the internal combustion engines, because they have developed the distribution mechanisms. The second chapter presents some dynamic models used to study the mechanisms of distribution. Chapter 3 presents the actual dynamics of distribution mechanisms, exemplified by the traditional mechanism with rotary cam and follower (flat, with translant movement). Chapter 4 makes the dynamic analysis for traditional distribution system. Chapter 5, dealing with dynamic study of the mechanism with rotary cam and translant follower with roller. Chapter 6, dealing with F dynamic module, who is still as well with a roller follower, but which has a rotating movement. Chapter 7 (the last) presents more focused, module H, which representing the rotary cam with flat rotating follower. The book is written in Romanian.

The first chapter presents a brief history of the emergence and development of the internal combustion engines, because they have developed the distribution mechanisms. The second chapter presents some dynamic models used to study the mechanisms of distribution. Chapter 3 presents the actual dynamics of distribution mechanisms, exemplified by the traditional mechanism with rotary cam and follower (flat, with translant movement). Chapter 4 makes the dynamic analysis for traditional distribution system. Chapter 5, dealing with dynamic study of the mechanism with rotary cam and translant follower with roller. Chapter 6, dealing with F dynamic module, who is still as well with a roller follower, but which has a rotating movement. Chapter 7 (the last) presents more focused, module H, which representing the rotary cam with flat rotating follower. The book is written in Romanian.

A Short Book Description This paper is a scientific view, uniform, general, comprehensive and unbiased of the main problems posed by mechanical systems, mobile, serial and parallel. It gives an overview, followed by geometric and kinematic study of the serial and parallel structures. It continues with an introduction in the dynamics these systems. At the serial systems are studied both direct and indirect kinematics, while at the parallel systems is studied only indirect kinematics (this being more useful). Presentation is closely linked of the basic methods of calculating the matrix, which are introduced step by step for a easy understanding of the each sequence. The book is divided into 14 chapters, who have been based on our courses, prepared for our students of the next disciplines: mechatronics, industrial robots, manipulators, automated welding, etc.. The paper is addressed equally to all specialists and to all future specialists which are working in these areas. The book is written in Romanian.

A Short Book Description This paper is a scientific view, uniform, general, comprehensive and unbiased of the main problems posed by mechanical systems, mobile, serial and parallel. It gives an overview, followed by geometric and kinematic study of the serial and parallel structures. It continues with an introduction in the dynamics these systems. At the serial systems are studied both direct and indirect kinematics, while at the parallel systems is studied only indirect kinematics (this being more useful). Presentation is closely linked of the basic methods of calculating the matrix, which are introduced step by step for a easy understanding of the each sequence. The book is divided into 14 chapters, who have been based on our courses, prepared for our students of the next disciplines: mechatronics, industrial robots, manipulators, automated welding, etc.. The paper is addressed equally to all specialists and to all future specialists which are working in these areas. The book is written in Romanian.

Florian Ion PETRESCU's Books Store

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Dynamics

Obtaining Energy by the Annihilation of an Electron with a Positron

The subject is all about getting energy, renewable, clean, friendly (not dangerous), cheaper, by annihilation(for example, the annihilation of an electron with an anti electron (positron)). The Electron and the positron are obtained by extracting them from atoms; the extraction, consumes a negligible amount of energy. Then, the two particles are brought near one another (collision).The phenomenon of annihilation occurs, when the rest mass is converted totally into energy (gamma photons). Occuring gamma photons, as many as needed to retrieve the total energy of the electron and positron (rest energy and kinetic energy); usually one can get two or three gamma particles (when we have a lower annihilation, ie two antiparticles with lower energy, each with a little beyond rest mass, i.e. the particles are accelerated at a low-speed motion), but we can get more particles when we have a high annihilation (i.e. when the particle energy is high and the particles were strongly accelerated before the collision). The rest energy of an electron-positron pair exceeds slightly 1 MeV (what is an extremely large energy from some as small particles, comparable energy with that achieved by the merger of two much larger particles, having rest mass of about 2000 times higher). Hence the first great advantage of the new method proposed, namely that if the most complex physical phenomenon so far tried to get inside the material energy (hot or cold fusion), draw only about a thousandth part of the rest mass of the particle, resulting in the fusion of two particles practically only the energy gap between energy particles being free and their energy when they are united, the proposed method extract virtually all the internal energy of the particles annihilated. We started with the electron positron pair because these small particles are more easily extracted from the atoms (the atoms are then immediately regenerated naturally, which determines the nature of renewable energy from the annihilation of particles). Next step is to test the annihilation between a proton and an antiproton, because their mass is about 1800 times higher than that of the electron and positron, resulting in their annihilation as an energy by about 1000 times higher, i.e. instead of 1 MeV, 1 GeV (is considered as the only real obtained energy, the energy donated by the proton of the hydrogen ion; but the energy of an antiproton is considered to be donated by us almost entirely, for now, because to obtain today an antiproton we must accelerate some particles at very high-energy and then collide them). So the real comparison must to be made between the deuterons fusion and annihilation process of a hydrogen ion (proton) with an antiproton. It will be a difference of energy of about 1000 times higher per pair of particles used, in favor of the annihilation process. Practically it achieves the dream of extracting energy from all the substance. Another great advantage of this method is that no radioactive substances occur and no radioactive wastes come out of the process. From this process we obtain only gamma photons (i.e. energy) and possibly other energetic mini particles. The process does not pose any threat to humans and the environment. The energy produced is clean. The technology required is much simpler than nuclear (fission or fusion), cheaper and easier to maintain. Enough energy is given by the annihilation process (virtually unlimited), cheap, clean, safe, renewable immediately (sustainable), with technology made simple. We can extract the energy of the rest mass of an electron. For a pair of an electron and a positron this energy is circa 1 MeV. The "synchrotron radiation (synchrotron light source)" produces deliberated a radiation source. Electrons are accelerated to high speeds in several stages to achieve a final energy (that is typically in the GeV range). We need two synchrotrons, a synchrotron for electrons and another who accelerates positrons. The particles must to be collided, after they are being accelerated to an optimal energy level. All the energies are collected at the exit of the Synchrotrons, after the collision of the opposite particles. We will recover the accelerating energy, and in addition we also collect the rest energy of the electrons and positrons. At a rate of 10^19 electrons/s we obtain an energy of about 7 GWh / year, if even are produced only half of the possible collisions. This high rate can be obtained with 60 pulses per minute and 10^19 electrons per pulse, or with 600 pulses per minute and 10^18 electrons per pulse. If we increase the flow rate of 1,000 times, we can have a power of about 7 TWh / year. This type of energy can be a complement of the fusion energy, and together they must replace the energy obtained by burning hydrocarbons. Advantages of the annihilation of an electron with a positron, compared with the nuclear fission reactors, are disposal of radioactive waste, of the risk of explosion and of the chain reaction. Energy from the rest mass of the electron is more easily controlled compared with the fusion reaction, cold or hot. Now, we don't need enriched radioactive fuel (as in nuclear fission case), by deuterium, lithium and of accelerated neutrons (like in the cold fusion), of huge temperatures and pressures (as in the hot fusion), etc. Renewable Energy, Sustainable Energy, Cheap Energy, Green Energy, Friendly Energy, New Energy, Annihilation Energy

New Ships

Compact engine, tightly closed, does not need air (oxygen). The ship passes through clouds of dust without any problems. The passage from the air into the water and vice versa can be peaceful or even accelerated, without any problems. Speaking about a new ionic engine means to speak about a new aircraft. The paper presents shortly the actual ionic engines (called ion thrusters) and the new ionic (pulse) engines proposed by the author. Ionic engine (ion thruster, which accelerates the positive ions through a potential difference) is about 10 times more effective than classic system based on combustion. We can still improve the efficiency of 10-50 times if one uses pulses of positive ions accelerated in a cyclotron mounted on the ship; the efficiency can easily grow for 1000 times if the positive ions will be accelerated in a high energy synchrotron, synchrocyclotron or isochronous cyclotron (1-100 GeV). In this, the big classic synchrotron is reduced to a ring surface (magnetic core). Future (ionic) engine will have mandatory a circular particle accelerator (high or very high energy). We can thus increase the speed and autonomy of the ship using a less quantity of fuel and power. One can use synchrotron radiation (synchrotron light, high intensity beams), like high intensity (X-ray or Gamma ray) radiation, as well. In this case will be a beam engine (not an ionic engine), it�??ll use only the power (energy, which can be solar energy, nuclear energy, or both) and so we will remove the fuel. It proposes using a powerful LINAC at the exit of synchrotron (especially when one accelerates electrons) to not lose energy by photons premature emission. With a new ionic engine one builds a new aircraft, which can travel through water and. This new aircraft will can accelerate directly, without an additional combustion engine and without gravity assists from other planets.

New Doppler Effect

Some Few Specifications about the Doppler Effect to the Electromagnetic Waves

This paper presents shortly a new and original relation (18) to calculate the radius with that, the electron is running around the nucleus of an atom. One utilizes two times the Lorentz relation (5), the Niels Bohr generalisate equation (7), and a mass relation (4) which was deduced from the kinematics energy relation written in two modes: classical (1) and coulombian (2). Equalizing the mass relation (4) with Lorentz relation (5) one obtains the equation (6), which give us a relation between the electron speed square (v2) and the radius (r). The second relation (8), between v2 and r, has been obtained by equalizing the mass from Bohr�??s equation (7) with the mass from Lorentz's relation (5). In the system (8) �?? (6) eliminating the electron speed square (v2), one determines the radius r, with that, the electron is moving around the nucleus; see the relation (18). The author realize by this a new atomic model, or a new quantum theory. In my opinion the gravitational field behaves like the magnetic and electric field. Matter is configured in such a way as the negative mass to coexist with the positive mass. Although they are distributed equally positive and negative mass are configured differently order to support different electrical charges. Negative mass is one that draws positive masses and vice versa, the positive mass attracts negative masses. In these conditions the generalized relativity theory can no longer be valid. The space in which we live, straight or curved, there is bound to create a temporary slide to attracts us.

Tema tezei de doctorat este deosebit de important?, util? ?i interesant? pentru c? abordeaz? o problematic? complex? de mare actualitate privind dinamica mecanismelor plane cu came, tache?i ?i angrenaje cu ro?i din?ate cu axe paralele. Cercet?rile s-au efectuat pe baza unei vaste bibliografii, care cuprinde cele mai reprezentative lucr?ri �n acest domeniu. Con?inutul tezei se ridic? la cele mai mari exigen?e impuse unei lucr?ri de doctorat ?i are un �nalt nivel ?tiin?ific. Rezultatele ob?inute au fost interpretate corect ?i au fost valorificate prin publicarea mai multor lucr?ri ?tiin?ifice �n str?in?tate ?i �n ?ar?, lucr?ri ce se bucur? de aprecierea speciali?tilor din construc?ia de ma?ini. Teza con?ine foarte multe elemente de originalitate ca: rezolvarea ecua?iei diferen?iale a mi?c?rii, modelul dinamic de integrare, analiza dinamic? a mecanismului clasic de distribu?ie, dinamica mecanismelor de distribu?ie cu tachet translant, respectiv balansier, cu rol? sau plat, calculul randamentului mecanic al cuplei tachet-cam? printr-o metod? absolut original?, determinarea randamentului angrenajelor cu ro?i din?ate cu axe paralele, randamentul instantaneu, randamentul mediu, calculul angrenajelor interioare, determinarea randamentului angrenajelor ?in�nd seama de gradul de acoperire, sinteza angrenajelor cu ro?i din?ate cu axe paralele pe baza randamentului �n func?ionare, etc. Concluziile la care a ajuns autorul sunt foarte importante at�t din punct de vedere teoretic c�t ?i practic; astfel a stabilit c?: tachetul cu rol? permite o m?rire a tura?iei motorului p�n? la o valoare dubl? fa?? de modelul clasic (cu tachet plat), angrenajele cu ro?i din?ate pot lucra la tura?ii ?i momente de torsiune ridicate cu randamente mecanice foarte mari, randamentul cel mai mare se �nt�lne?te la angrenajele interioare cu roata (inel) av�nd dantur? interioar? conduc?toare, iar la angrenajele cu dantur? exterioar? randamentul este mai mare c�nd roata mare este conduc?toare; cu c�t unghiul normal de angrenare scade, cre?te gradul de acoperire ?i odat? cu el ?i randamentul angren?rii; randamentul mai cre?te ?i odat? cu num?rul de din?i ai ro?ii conduc?toare, etc. Prin problematica abordat?, teza de doctorat a dl. ing. Florian Ion PETRESCU, sub conducerea ?tiin?ific? a prof. dr. ing. P?un ANTONESCU, se �nscrie �n contextul sistematiz?rii ?i perfec?ion?rii sistemelor mecanice existente, prin crearea de noi mecanisme adaptate cerin?elor moderne, ceea ce implic? structuri topologice tot mai complexe. Scopul lucr?rii este de a construi modele noi teoretice ?i aplicative �n analiza ?i sinteza dinamic? a mecanismelor cu came ?i ro?i din?ate plane. Teza de doctorat este structurat? �n trei p?r?i: prima parte prezint? dinamica mecanismelor plane cu came, tache?i ?i supape, partea a doua prezint? dinamica mecanismelor plane formate din angrenaje cu ro?i din?ate cu axe paralele, iar partea a treia con?ine concluzii ?i enumerarea contribu?iilor originale, c�t ?i anexe. Bibliografia este ata?at? fiec?rei p?r?i. Din prezentarea f?cut? se constat? o multitudine de rezultate originale valoroase ob?inute de dl. ing. Florian Ion PETRESCU. Men?ion?m c�teva din aceste contribu?ii: Partea I-a: 1. Un model dinamic monomasic (cu un singur grad de libertate), translant, cu amortizare intern? variabil?. Se determin? amortizarea intern? a sistemului ?i ecua?iile de mi?care. 2. Cinematica de precizie a mecanismelor de distribu?ie, exemplificat? pe mecanismul clasic cu cam? rotativ? ?i tachet plat translant, bazat? pe un model original de cinematic? dinamic?. Se determin? exact randamentul mecanic, care nu are nici o leg?tur? cu pierderile suplimentare prin frecare (se elimin? astfel necesitatea determin?rii coeficientului de frecare). 3. Un model nou de distribu?ie a for?elor ?i vitezelor la tachetul translant cu rol?. Se demonstreaz? performan?ele �n raport cu modelele clasice. 4. O metod? nou? de determinare a for?elor ?i vitezelor la mecanismul cu cam? rotativ? ?i tachet balansier cu rol?. Determinarea randamentului mecanismului. 5. Metode aproximative ?i de integrare direct? a ecua?iilor de mi?care. Partea a II-a: 6. Model nou �n dinamica mecanismelor plane formate din angrenaje cu ro?i din?ate cu axe paralele. 7. Determinarea randamentului unui angrenaj cu ro?i din?ate cu axe paralele pentru din?ii drep?i, �n func?ie ?i de gradul de acoperire al angrenajului.

V Engines Design

Determination of the Mechanical Efficiency of the Gears

In this paper the authors present an original method to calculating the efficiency of the gear. The originality consists in the way of determination of the gear�??s efficiency because one hasn�??t used the friction forces of couple (this new way eliminates the classical method). One eliminates the necessity of determining the friction coefficients by different experimental methods as well. The efficiency determined by the new method is the same like the classical efficiency, namely the mechanical efficiency of the gear. Some mechanisms work by pulses and are transmitting the movement from an element to another by pulses and not by friction. Gears work practically only by pulses. The component of slip or friction is practically the loss. Because of this the mechanical efficacy becomes practically the mechanical efficiency of gear. The paper is analyzing the influence of a few parameters concerning gear efficiency. With the relations presented in this paper, one can synthesize the gear�??s mechanisms. Today, the gears are present every where in the mechanical�??s world.

Dinamica mecanismelor de distributie

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Getting energy, renewable, clean, friendly (not dangerous), cheaper, by annihilation. For example, the annihilation of an electron with an anti electron (positron). Electron and positron are obtained by extracting them from atoms; the extraction, consume a negligible amount of energy. http://energytoday.it.gg/

energy today

Obtaining Energy by the Annihilation of an Electron with a Positron

Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable (naturally replenished). In 2008, about 19% of global final energy consumption came from renewables, with 13% coming from traditional biomass, which is mainly used for heating, and 3.2% from hydroelectricity. New renewables (small hydro, modern biomass, wind, solar, geothermal, and biofuels) accounted for another 2.7% and are growing very rapidly. The share of renewables in electricity generation is around 18%, with 15% of global electricity coming from hydroelectricity and 3% from new renewables. This paper aims to disseminate new methods of obtaining energy. After 1950, began to appear nuclear fission plants. The fission energy was a necessary evil. In this mode it stretched the oil life, avoiding an energy crisis. Even so, the energy obtained from oil represents about 66% of all energy used. At this rate of use of oil, it will be consumed in about 40 years. Today, the production of energy obtained by nuclear fusion is not yet perfect prepared. But time passes quickly. We must rush to implement of the additional sources of energy already known, but and find new energy sources. In these circumstances this paper comes to proposing possible new energy sources.

The �??Water Machine�?? has been a dream. Now this dream may be a reality. The dream comes true. The water machine, practically the water engine, can be made. The engine not works actually with water, but it process the hydrogen extract from water. If the extracted hydrogen is stocked in a comb-cylinder, the vehicle is a hydrogen machine, but it�??s not a water machine. The vehicle, become a water machine only if its engine works with the hydrogen extracted directly from water. In this case, the machine (the vehicle), stock the water. Process the hydrogen directly from water, it was a failure. Maybe the electrolysis is not efficiency, or it wasn�??t process correctly. Today, one can try something new. The vapor water must be radiated with ultraviolet radiations, and one obtains the hydrogen. We must try all ultraviolet frequencies, and for every frequency one try different (more) intensities of radiation.

The global oil crisis was attenuated by the new nuclear energy and with the help of the electrical engines introduced (especially in the public transportation), but it wasn�??t past. One can understand in these conditions the new high costs for the combustibles obtained from petroleum (gas, diesel oil, etc�?�). A new combustible is necessarily now (for the engines with internal combustion). This combustible must be found in unlimited quantity. The single future possible combustible (which pass all the conditions) for the new internal combustion engines, is the HYDROGEN. The hydrogen can be extracted from water (and from any elements). When it was tested like a possible internal combustible, one has utilized the classical Otto-engines at a low shaft rotation (2500-6000 rpm). A normal rpm for hydrogen is a 25000-60000 value. The hydrogen burning process is ten time more quickly than the classical combustibles burning process. For this reason the shaft-rotation must support a ten times increase, as well. This is the first small technical difficult part, in the process of introducing the hydrogen like internal combustible in the Otto-engines. Another small difficult in this process is the high efficiency obtaining of hydrogen and its storage method. With a highly shaft rotation engine with hydrogen, we may obtain a �??Compact Otto Engine�?? which can give the same power parameters at a lower combustible consumption, without emissions.

There are real aircrafts who look like a flying saucer, but the most UFO cases (related cases) have been some illusions. A real flying saucer is an aircraft (a flying machine) with an ionic engine. The flying ship has a nuclear reactor which generates nuclear particles (ionic particles). These particles must be accelerated with a circular (flying) particles accelerator. The aircraft is a real particles accelerator (a flying circular ions accelerator). The nuclear accelerated particles are evacuating in jets with high velocities. These jets move the flying ship. The aircraft movement is opposing at the jet direction. With an aircraft acted by an ionic engine we may traverse the galaxies and one can win the distances and the time as well. ufozn.wordpress.com

Carefully for passengers and from respect for pilots one must project new aircrafts which can travel rapidly, certainly, with higher maneuverability, without noise and vibration, indifferently of weather. A new aircraft must have a nuclear generator (reactor). The flying-ship may have a circular accelerator to evacuating in jets the accelerated particles, or it can utilize a LASER (linear accelerator) for evacuating pulsate-light jets. The advantage of pulsate-LASER jets is them higher velocity (the light velocity, c), which give to the fly-system a higher impulse, but many particles can be accelerated nearly at light velocity (A betatron can speed the velocity of the electrons nearly of light velocity; at 0.8c, 09c, or more). A three-ton flying-ship can surround our planet only one time without alimentation. The new flying-ship hasn�??t high movement autonomy; It can�??t traverse the galaxy (it�??s always a space-waggon as well), but it may move rapidly, certainly, in our space. The new aircraft has got a better maneuverability. To making a real aircraft with a higher flying autonomy we need a new special technology. One must discover and utilize some particles which can run with higher velocities, higher than the light velocity.

In conditions which started to magnetic motors, oil fuel is decreasing, energy which was obtained by burning oil is replaced with nuclear energy, hydropower, solar energy, wind, and other types of unconventional energy, in the conditions in which electric motors have been instead of internal combustion in public transport, but more recently they have entered in the cars world (Honda has produced a vehicle that uses a compact electric motor and electricity consumed by the battery is restored by a system that uses an electric generator with hydrogen combustion in cells, so we have a car that burns hydrogen, but has an electric motor), which is the role and prospects which have internal combustion engines type Otto, Diesel or Wankel? Internal combustion engines in four-stroke (Otto, Diesel, Wankel) are robust, dynamic, compact, powerful, reliable, economic, autonomous, independent and will be increasingly clean. Let's look at just remember that any electric motor that destroy ozone in the atmosphere needed our planet by sparks emitted by collecting brushes. Immediate consequence is that if we only use electric motors in all sectors, we�??ll have problems with higher ozone shield that protects our planet and without which no life could exist on Earth. Magnetic motors (combined with the electromagnetic) are just in the beginning, but they offer us a good perspective, especially in the aeronautics industry. Probably at the beginning they will not be used to act as a direct transmission, but will generate electricity that will fill the battery that will actually feed the engine (probably an electric motor). The Otto engines, or those with internal combustion in general, will have to adapt to hydrogen fuel. It is composed of the basic (hydrogen) can extract industrially, practically from any item (or combination) through nuclear, chemical, photonic by radiation, by burning, etc... (most easily hydrogen can be extracted from water by breaking up into constituent elements, hydrogen and oxygen; by burning hydrogen one obtains water again that restore a circuit in nature, with no losses and no pollution). Hydrogen must be stored in reservoirs cell (a honeycomb) for there is no danger of explosion; the best would be if we could breaking up water directly on the vehicle, in which case the reservoir would feed water (and there were announced some successful). As a backup (not too desired), there are trees that can donate a fuel oil, which could be planted on the extended zone, or directly in the consumer court. With many years ago, Professor Melvin Calvin, (Berkeley University), discovered that �??Euphora�?? tree, a rare species, contained in its trunk a liquid that has the same characteristics as raw oil. The same professor discovered on the territory of Brazil, a tree which contains in its trunk a fuel with properties similar to diesel. During a journey in Brazil, the natives driven him (Professor Calvin) to a tree called by them "Copa-Iba" (�??Copaifer Langdorffi�??). At the time of boring the tree trunk, from it to begin flow a gold liquid, which was used as indigenous raw material base for the preparation of perfumes or, in concentrated form, as a balm. Nobody see that it is a pure fuel that can be used directly by diesel engines. Calvin said that after he poured the liquid extracted from the tree trunk directly into the tank of his car (equipped with a diesel), engine functioned irreproachable. In Brazil the tree is fairly widespread. It could be adapted in other areas of the world, planted in the forests, and the courts of people. From a jagged tree is filled about half of the tank; one covers the slash and it is not open until after six months; it means that having 12 trees in a courtyard, a man can fill monthly a tank with the new natural diesel fuel. In some countries producing alcohol or vegetable oils, for their use as fuel (this is not a very efficient solution). The Indians propose a Little Car driven with compressed air, (but one uses an internal engine as well, to compress the air in a tank); this solution isn�??t efficiently; its low consumption is due to the small gauge of car and its load very low. This new little vehicle isn�??t a real but only a quaint solution. In the future, aircraft will use ion engines, magnetic, laser or various micro particles accelerated. The life of Coanda-engine (jet-engine), begin to end. Even in these conditions internal combustion engines will be maintained in land vehicles (at least), for power, reliability and especially their dynamics.

The purpose of the contemporary human is to achieve a personal comfort increasingly high. In terms of contemporary art, to increase comfort, fall back on exaggerated growth of energy consumption. At the current rate, approximately 400 years after the beginnings of industrialization, the world will consume almost entirely fossil fuels accumulated in 400 million years. Burning fossil fuels in this huge reservoir, besides obtaining energy supply and continue to be issued in a large quantity of toxic gas that will transform the atmosphere in the state in which it was millions of years ago. To keep the remaining fossil resources on a while longer and for the preservation and restoration of conditions of human life on earth should we target the use of renewable energy sources. History of Photovoltaics The first conventional photovoltaic cells were produced in the late 1950s, and throughout the 1960s were principally used to provide electrical power for earth-orbiting satellites. In the 1970s, improvements in manufacturing, performance and quality of PV modules helped to reduce costs and opened up a number of opportunities for powering remote terrestrial applications, including battery charging for navigational aids, signals, telecommunications equipment and other critical, low power needs. In the 1980s, photovoltaics became a popular power source for consumer electronic devices, including calculators, watches, radios, lanterns and other small battery charging applications. Following the energy crises of the 1970s, significant efforts also began to develop PV power systems for residential and commercial uses both for stand-alone, remote power as well as for utility-connected applications. During the same period, international applications for PV systems to power rural health clinics, refrigeration, water pumping, telecommunications, and off-grid households increased dramatically, and remain a major portion of the present world market for PV products. Today, the industry�??s production of PV modules is growing at approximately 25 percent annually, and major programs in the U.S., Japan and Europe are rapidly accelerating the implementation of PV systems on buildings and interconnection to utility networks. Photovoltaics (PV) or solar cells as they are often referred to, are semiconductor devices that convert sunlight into direct current (DC) electricity. Groups of PV cells are electrically configured into modules and arrays, which can be used to charge batteries, operate motors, and to power any number of electrical loads. With the appropriate power conversion equipment, PV systems can produce alternating current (AC) compatible with any conventional appliances, and operate in parallel with and interconnected to the utility grid. Solar panels used to produce electricity The solar panels used to produce electricity, are really interesting, because generating electricity free. On the basis of this process is photovoltaic cell. In short, in contact with the sun, it produces electricity. Fotons of sunlight (such small particles produced especially by the Stars, moving with light speed) "bombe" atoms in the material which is made photovoltaic cell. Under this, they undergo transformation releasing electrons (thus forming electricity). Photovoltaic cells are grouped into matrices, which in turn make up the solar panels. The advantages and disadvantages of solar panels The advantages of using these systems are obvious: renewable energy and free, which can be used to supply permanent dwelling citizens. It is true that the cost of an WATT through solar panels is 6-7 times higher than the cost of producing its thermal, but the investment depreciated over time. In addition, do not forget: solar panels are organic. And how natural resources are already in danger of exhaustion would be little time to think about our future and our children right now. May be clearly said that the purchase price of the entire equipment is still high (but the price is constantly declining, and in addition it is paid only once in principle, following the much to pay in a number of years a maintenance fee installations and equipment are depreciated in a number of years, even after they become profitable, while cleaner technologies of the future come down, they might drop their price even if now would be produced in industrial quantities much higher, produced by modern technology (resulting from advanced scientific research, which must attend mandatory collective multidisciplinary), for these reasons the production and their use should be compulsory controlled by governments through agencies and government departments of energy, environment, creation of new technologies, industrial and scientific, all governments are called upon to subsidized the purchase price of equipment at least for a period of 20-40 years, that is, as long as the equipment is still in an experimental stage and technology manufacturing cost which is reflected even in their purchase price. The efficiency of solar panel very much depends on the angle under which falls on the solar radius, which implies the need for mounting such a system of energy production by specialists. To cover energy needs of the whole case will be a need for solar panels many tens of square meters because the equipment needed to cover the entire home and family concerned and the old contracts for the supply of electricity to end total in this way is truly unloaded the national energeticaly system, is an economy of electricity produced classic, and an decrease of indirect losses of transport networks. Because yes, it is possible that a dwelling to work exclusively with solar energy in ideal conditions. The production of electricity with solar panels are reliable, can hold up to 25 years. Their performances have raised increasingly in recent years, and the price of assembly and made decreased. It is estimated that the price of electricity generation by panels with photovoltaic cells will equal that of polluting energy (produced by thermal power). To top solar panels are ideal for the supply of electricity to isolated housing, the research points or satellites (they used for the first time this type of energy). Installing your solar photovoltaic (PV) system means that you can generate your electricity from the free and inexhaustible energy from the sun. A photovoltaic system never needs refuelling, emits no pollution, and can be expected to operate for over 30 years while requiring minimal maintenance. A typical PV system on a house roof could prevent over 34 tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions during its lifetime. Today photovoltaic systems are recognized by governments, environmental organizations and commercial organizations as a technology with the potential to supply a significant part of the worlds energy needs in a sustainable and renewable manner. Organizations such as Shell and BP have set up large photovoltaic manufacturing plants and environmental organizations such as Greenpeace strongly support the use of solar energy. Installing a photovoltaic system is one of the ways householders and other building owners can contribute towards a sustainable future for everyone. With global climate change threatening all our futures, we need to switch to clean, renewable forms of energy and electricity production. Solar electric panels can generate electricity that is free from pollution, fuelled by the natural resource of the sun, which is free, abundant and inexhaustible. The key benefits of a solar roof are: - Your clean power source that helps reduce global warming - Reduces your electricity bills, since daylight is free - Increases the value of your property - Extremely low maintenance, with a long functional lifetime of 30 years or more - Silent in operation - Increases your awareness of electricity use and encourages more energy efficient behaviour Photovoltaic means electricity from light. Photovoltaic systems use daylight to power ordinary electrical equipment, for example, household appliances, computers and lighting. The photovoltaic (PV) process converts free solar energy - the most abundant energy source on the planet - directly into electricity. Note that this is not the familiar solar thermal technology used for heating and hot water. A PV cell consists of two or more thin layers of semi-conducting material, most commonly silicon. When the silicon is exposed to light, electrical charges are generated and this can be conducted away by metal contacts as direct current (DC). The electrical output from a single cell is small, so multiple cells are connected together and encapsulated (usually behind glass) to form a module (sometimes referred to as a "panel"). The PV module is the principle building block of a PV system and any number of modules can be connected together to give the desired electrical output. PV equipment has no moving parts and as a result requires minimal maintenance. It generates electricity without producing emissions of greenhouse or any other gases, and its operation is virtually silent. PV systems supply electricity to many applications, ranging from systems supplying power to city buildings (which are also connected to the normal local electricity network) to systems supplying power to garden lights or to remote telecom relay stations. The main area of interest today is grid connect PV systems. These systems are connected to the local electricity network. This means that during the day, the electricity generated by the PV system can either be used immediately (which is normal for systems installed on offices and other commercial buildings), or can be sold to one of the electricity supply companies (which is more common for domestic systems where the occupier may be out during the day). In the evening, when the solar system is unable to provide the electricity required, power can be bought back from the network. In effect, the grid is acting as an energy storage system, which means the PV system does not need to include battery storage. Grid connect PV systems are often integrated into buildings. PV technology is ideally suited to use on buildings, providing pollution and noise-free electricity without using extra space. PV systems can be incorporated into buildings in various ways. Sloping rooftops are an ideal site, where modules can simply be mounted using frames. Photovoltaic systems can also be incorporated into the actual building fabric, for example PV roof tiles are now available which can be fitted as would standard tiles. In addition, PV can also be incorporated as building facades, canopies and sky lights amongst many other applications. Types of PV Cell: Monocrystalline Silicon Cells: Made using cells saw-cut from a single cylindrical crystal of silicon, this is the most efficient of the photovoltaic (PV) technologies. The principle advantage of monocrystalline cells are their high efficiencies, typically around 15%, although the manufacturing process required to produce monocrystalline silicon is complicated, resulting in slightly higher costs than other technologies. Multicrystalline Silicon Cells: Made from cells cut from an ingot of melted and recrystallised silicon. In the manufacturing process, molten silicon is cast into ingots of polycrystalline silicon, these ingots are then saw-cut into very thin wafers and assembled into complete cells. Multicrystalline cells are cheaper to produce than monocrystalline ones, due to the simpler manufacturing process. However, they tend to be slightly less efficient, with average efficiencies of around 12%., creating a granular texture. Thick-film Silicon: Another multicrystalline technology where the silicon is deposited in a continuous process onto a base material giving a fine grained, sparkling appearance. Like all crystalline PV, this is encapsulated in a transparent insulating polymer with a tempered glass cover and usually bound into a strong aluminium frame. Amorphous Silicon: Amorphous silicon cells are composed of silicon atoms in a thin homogenous layer rather than a crystal structure. Amorphous silicon absorbs light more effectively than crystalline silicon, so the cells can be thinner. For this reason, amorphous silicon is also known as a "thin film" PV technology. Amorphous silicon can be deposited on a wide range of substrates, both rigid and flexible, which makes it ideal for curved surfaces and "fold-away" modules. Amorphous cells are, however, less efficient than crystalline based cells, with typical efficiencies of around 6%, but they are easier and therefore cheaper to produce. Their low cost makes them ideally suited for many applications where high efficiency is not required and low cost is important. Other Thin Films: A number of other promising materials such as cadmium telluride (CdTe) and copper indium diselenide (CIS) are now being used for PV modules. The attraction of these technologies is that they can be manufactured by relatively inexpensive industrial processes, certainly in comparison to crystalline silicon technologies, yet they typically offer higher module efficiencies than amorphous silicon. New technologies based on the photosynthesis process are not yet on the market. Why photovoltaic directly connected to the network? The most appropriate would be to use photovoltaic panels directly connected to the network. The advantages of photovoltaic power connected to the network are generated by the lack of these battery systems. In this case is to store energy in the electricity it produces, which plays a battery of storage "infinite". Essential components of photovoltaic power connected to the network are the following: * Photovoltaic modules * Cables and Connectors * Synchronous Inverters The advantages of the system "racordat network" in comparison with autonomous systems are the following: * Operation of the entire energy supplied by photovoltaic panels, storage capacity is infinite network; * About the economy. 40% of investment (lack of batteries) * Minimum maintenance (batteries are those that require the greatest attention) * Life extension of the system * Pure energy due to the elimination recycling batteries Today, we need to consider solutions of tomorrow ("for tomorrow it to be, because he does not belong to us but to the children, our grandchildren and great-grandchildren!").

The robot can work many hours without rest, sometimes for days or weeks. He may enter and stay in hostile environments like (toxic, chemicals, radioactive, poisoning, lack of air, underwater, in outer space, in the ground, pressure systems, high temperature systems, in the fire, the average gas or oil, in areas contaminated or polluted, including the viruses still dangerous, in areas with vibrations and noise). The robot is able to execute operations tiring, repetitive. Can bear shocks, punches, jab, shootings, etc.. Can work in blinding light, or darkness. Maybe traverses space unknown, hard accessible human (outer space, water depths, or even areas with lava, etc.). Can fly. Can think with an amazing speed, and can store an enormous capacity of data. Can perform some tests difficult, dangerous for humans. Can realize great strengths, can lift weights very high, but at the same time can catch an chicken egg without crush it. Can walk, or run. Can fight. Maybe dance. Perhaps to help doctors in carrying out difficult operations. May keep records and make accounting. Can build or repair, can use tools, can paint, can weld. We can ease the work in the household. Can sort. Can make chips and various electronic circuits. Can manipulate parts or objects. Can even see and hear, talk and even to distinguish people and objects. Micro and Nano Robots are the most fashionable (in the future maybe even Pico Robots), are designed not only as a spy, investigators (including the human body), but even the operators which are able to detect a sick cell and heal or destroy it. Underwater robots will have to penetrate into the deeper places and hardly accessible, so to solve many riddles and mysteries of the seas and oceans on Earth. They will need not only to withstand enormous pressures from deep, but to see in darkness and absolute depths, to movies, and even transmit images and sound in real time. They will have to act and, being able to fight, being able to lift weights, to cut or weld, to catch, to pick up a hook, a cable truck, etc.. We have to explore outer space, but we know so little about the mother planet, which grow and carry all us. Investigation of outer space is vital for us. Must be found first best means of investigation. We need powerful telescopes and highspeed space ships. There are habitable planets in space, which we expect to find them and colonized. It will not be easy but must do so, we have no choice. May is possible and terratizate other planets (such as the planet Mars, for example). This is the real sense of industrial robots, which should help us to terratizate planets, colonization, and space explorations. The man was not created just to eat, drink and acquire different fortunes. We all have in us planted the Divine pip who exhorts us to build, to learn and to educate us and others, to investigate, to explore and again to build. In addition, we are all here, on Earth Ship for a while, where sooner or later no more fit (from a pair, a man and an woman, now one has already achieved more than six billion inhabitants). Who would not like a weekend on Mars, or a romantic dinner on a mystery planet? There are obvious barriers, but the man must to remove them. The servants of man in this great action will be some machines, the Robots.

To have a blue planet (clean water and clean with a clean and the sky blue, with a protective shield of ozone whole and functional), the first step you need to do is take care of the green planet. Nature is protects it one self, only if the people not disturb it (by nuclear waste, chemicals, etc., by atomic experiments, nuclear, etc., by the destruction of protective ozone shield by industrial pollution and produced by transport vehicles; a single nuclear experiment destroy an enormous quantity of ozone). An effective program to restore the green of the planet, can not be conceived without the help of governments. It involves fundraising for permanent restoration of forests and green spaces. These funds must be managed by specialized departments of government environmental agencies. Specialists in these departments will determine exactly which areas will retimber and what kind of trees, the areas in question, their specificity and the existing possibilities. For the restoration of negative ions and ozone shield are better fir wood and pines (but they grow more slowly and are more demanding). Overall average age of a tree does not exceed 200 years. In Europe, beyond that age ash, which reached 400 years, oak 600 years, linden tree and fir with 1,000 years each (if not prematurely cut). In general it's good to choose trees that reach higher age for a tree effects and long term without the need to repeat the actions (expensive, but on condition that these trees are protected by law). If you want wood for construction, furniture, etc, it is good to use trees that grow very fast (and cut more often, it replant and develop again very quickly) such as in general, eucalyptus (increase in average about 5 m per year), or asp tree which develops only in 10-20 years, plant the fastest-growing bamboo is that in 6 weeks reaches 18 m. Some species of trees purify the air better than others. So for example, linden tree emit 2.5 times more oxygen than the fir tree, and asp tree nearly 7 times more. The lilies swallow a huge amount of exhaust gases from factories (would be good to appear again between curb and sidewalk beautiful flowers, including lilies and to protect the ozone shield). The asp trees growing fast, tall and righteous, and cleared 7 times more oxygen than fir trees, you should use the green spaces between buildings, in parks, and wood edges around cities to protect them from storms and tornados. Fir forests have multiplied and protected the planet to play healthy air (ionized strong negative without appearing to humans respiratory diseases, circulatory and nervous) and to restore the ozone shield destroyed in the industry and constantly by sprays and brushes for electric motors (without him we would be subject to a bombardment of ultraviolet rays, which produce skin cancer and destroy the liver and nervous system, abnormal breathing, circulatory and respiratory diseases, allergies, depression, etc); perhaps should now to think replaced electric trains with MagLev trains, or return to the modern compact cleaner diesel engines, or switch to new magnetic and electromagnetic motors. In agriculture should be permanently dropped from chemical fertilizers, which destroy the soil and poisoning groundwater and wells (with nitrites and nitrates). A submarine oil pipeline, which can break will cause an irreparable environmental disaster. The sea (or ocean) will become very black! One important action would be to introduce massive panels with photovoltaic cells (directly connected to the network, to stop using harmful batteries), wind energy, but why not the power consisting of magnetic motors acting generators; electrical hydro still be used as well, while nuclear energy only for a transitional period (accepted as a bad now required); using solar energy will split water in oxygen and hydrogen (oxygen will refresh the air and hydrogen will be used as a clean fuel). Pines cut for Christmas must be grown in special nurseries separate (will not be cut anywhere, they must have a special regime, as trees protected by law). Everyone's at least plant a tree, but the actions of planting and replanting trees and plants must become an attribute of governments, which have the ability to make massive planting and reforestation (trees not be cut without logic, and recycling paper and reed used to obtain pulp and paper will be required; heating by electricity will be extended and through the wood and coal should be reduced until such).

In the years 70-80 (1970-1980) to foreshadow a serious energy crisis with the rapid depletion of known reserves of oil and gas. The consequences would be catastrophic for mankind, but fortunately came just in time energy produced by nuclear fission. Nuclear power we have saved, so they were a necessary evil. Another 2-3 cycles (a cycle is about 30-40 years) they could be useful (even if they will evolve and will use the energy produced by fusion, in which case their effectiveness will increase considerably). However we must prepare in advance the future energy. The most elegant solution which can be now seen is solar energy. This is practically inexhaustible, in quantities much greater than the planet needs, it is the clean, handy and can become the most affordable (if panels with photovoltaic cells will be produced in industrial quantities increasing). Because the method for obtaining solar energy to be totally clean, it is absolutely imperative that converted solar energy into electricity to be distributed directly to national energy networks (with Ads) to avoid such use different batteries (polluting). Although it is small, efficiency of energy conversion in cells, has increased and will increase further due to scientific research in the field. (May be made to specify that all living matter on Earth is the energy of the sun, either directly or indirectly). The discovery of real particles faster than the speed of light (probably smaller than those known today) will open new chapters in the development of mankind, since even with energy. Going deeper into the matter, and passing the quantum level, at subquantum level or maybe even deeper, we can issue (and control) increasing energy. Matter is structured in such a way as to permeate more inside them, the particles of which is composed are increasingly smaller and lighter, more stimulate more dynamic and energetic. Although particle mass decreases, the speed is much greater, so characteristic particle energy (energy increases with the mass and the power of two of particle velocity) is much higher. Links to quantum levels (within the atom) are more powerful than the chemical-molecular (in the molecule or between atoms), but lower than those at subquantum levels (in the atomic nucleus, between nucleons), which in turn are overshadowed by the level immediately below, the sub-subquantum level (in nucleon, between the particles that compose it), and so on until we reach the basic level at which the particle can no longer be divided into other components. How about energy and greater energy released or required to break or composition of these links is higher. Hydrogen as a key component, can be obtained in multiple ways, from almost any item, by nuclear reactions, by the decomposition of water under the action of radiation, by electrolysis of water, etc. The hydrogen by burning It is not a real source of energy (as on Earth not much is found in isolated forms that can be extracted directly and then used as fuel, it is generally achieved with energy consumption greater than the energy released by burning etc.), but more strategic like a fuel which can be life-long internal combustion engines when the fuel oil will lessen or even exhaust. Wind energy don�??t represent a real alternative energy, but in some cases it may be a component to complete certain energy goals. The energy produced from thermal springs in some areas of the planet is very useful, but are very little compared to the planet needs. Probably wave energy seas and oceans has not given good results since it was not extended and imposed, the more so as we have a planet covered with water at the rate of 70%. Maybe in the future to exploit the temperature difference between the different levels of seas and oceans to produce such energy. For now the water remains a serious source of energy in chapter hydropower. From water as well one extracts the hydrogen, which through burning turns back into water. From water to obtain "heavy water" (by converting of hydrogen in hard isotopes Deuterium, which contains in nucleus in addition to a proton and a neutron), which is used as nuclear fuel in some nuclear power. If you look at global and retrospective, water and sun energy sources means the bulk of our planet. Even living matter (including man) is a very high water. Water is the underlying cellular level, intervening directly or indirectly in several ways.

Ozone or trioxygen (O3) is a triatomic molecule, consisting of three oxygen atoms. It is an allotrope of oxygen that is much less stable than the diatomic O2. Ground-level ozone is an air pollutant with harmful effects on the respiratory systems of animals. The ozone layer in the upper atmosphere filters potentially damaging ultraviolet light from reaching the Earth's surface. It is present in low concentrations throughout the Earth's atmosphere. It has many industrial and consumer applications. Ozone, the first allotrope of a chemical element to be recognized by science, was proposed as a distinct chemical compound by Christian Friedrich Schönbein in 1840, who named it after the Greeklightning storms. The formula for ozone, O3, was not determined until 1865 by Jacques-Louis Soret and confirmed by Schönbein in 1867. Most people can detect about 0.01 ppm in air. Exposure of 0.1 to 1 ppm produces headaches, burning eyes, and irritation to the respiratory passages. At -112 °C, it forms a dark blue liquid. At temperatures below -193 °C, it forms a violet-black solid. Ozone is diamagnetic, meaning that it will resist formation of a magnetic field and will decrease the energy stored in the field once the field is established. The structure of ozone, according to experimental evidence from microwave spectroscopy, is bent, with C2v symmetry (similar to the water molecule), O �?? O distance of 127.2 pm and O �?? O �?? O angle of 116.78°. The central atom forms an sp² hybridization with one lone pair. Ozone is a polar molecule with a dipole moment of 0.5337 D. The bonding can be expressed as a resonance hybrid with a single bonddouble bond on the other producing an overall bond order of 1.5 for each side. Ozone is a powerful oxidizing agent, far better than dioxygen. It is also unstable at high concentrations, decaying to ordinary diatomic oxygen (in about half an hour in atmospheric conditions): 2 O3 ? 3 O2 This reaction proceeds more rapidly with increasing temperature and decreasing pressure. Ozone will oxidize metals (except gold, platinum, and iridium) to oxides of the metals in their highest oxidation state. Ozone also increases the oxidation number of oxides. The above reaction is accompanied by chemiluminescence. The NO2 can be further oxidized. Combustion Ozone can be used for combustion reactions and combusting gases; ozone provides higher temperatures than combusting in dioxygen (O2). Ozone can react at cryogenic temperatures. At 77 K (-196 °C), atomic hydrogen reacts with liquid ozone to form a hydrogen superoxide radical. Applications Ozone can be used to remove manganese from water, forming a precipitate which can be filtered. Ozone will also turn cyanides to the one thousand times less toxic cyanates. Finally, ozone will also completely decompose urea. The standard way to express total ozone levels (the amount of ozone in a vertical column) in the atmosphere is by using Dobson units. Concentrations at a point are measured in parts per billion (ppb) or in µg/m³. Ozone layer The highest levels of ozone in the atmosphere are in the stratosphere, in a region also known as the ozone layer between about 10 km and 50 km above the surface (or between about 6 and 31 miles). Here it filters out photons with shorter wavelengths (less than 320 nm) of ultraviolet light, also called UV rays, (270 to 400 nm) from the Sun that would be harmful to most forms of life in large doses. These same wavelengths are also among those responsible for the production of vitamin D, a vitamin also produced by the human body. Ozone in the stratosphere is mostly produced from ultraviolet rays reacting with oxygen. It is destroyed by the reaction with atomic oxygen: O3 + O ? 2 O2 The latter reaction is catalysed by the presence of certain free radicals, of which the most important are hydroxyl (OH), nitric oxide (NO) and atomic chlorine (Cl) and bromine (Br). In recent decades the amount of ozone in the stratosphere has been declining mostly because of emissions of CFCs and similar chlorinated and brominated organic molecules, which have increased the concentration of ozone-depleting catalysts above the natural background. Ozone only makes up 0.00006% of the atmosphere. Low level ozone Low level ozone (or tropospheric ozone) is regarded as a pollutant by the World Health OrganizationUnited States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). It is not emitted directly by car engines or by industrial operations. It is formed by the reaction of sunlight on air containing hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides that react to form ozone directly at the source of the pollution or many kilometers down wind. Ozone reacts directly with some hydrocarbons such as aldehydes and thus begins their removal from the air, but the products are themselves key components of smog. Ozone photolysis by UV light leads to production of the hydroxyl radical OH and this plays a part in the removal of hydrocarbons from the air, but is also the first step in the creation of components of smog such as peroxyacyl nitrates which can be powerful eye irritants. The atmospheric lifetime of tropospheric ozone is about 22 days; its main removal mechanisms are being deposited to the ground, the above mentioned reaction giving OH, and by reactions with OH and the peroxy radical HO2�?� (Stevenson et al., 2006). There is evidence of significant reduction in agricultural yields because of increased ground-level ozone and pollution which interferes with photosynthesis and stunts overall growth of some plant species. Certain examples of cities with elevated ozone readings are Houston, Texas, and Mexico City, Mexico. Houston has a reading of around 41 ppb, while Mexico City is far more hazardous, with a reading of about 125 ppb. Although ozone was present at ground level before the Industrial Revolution, peak concentrations are now far higher than the pre-industrial levels, and even background concentrations well away from sources of pollution are substantially higher. This increase in ozone is of further concern because ozone present in the upper troposphere acts as a greenhouse gas, absorbing some of the infraredclimate change (the IPCC Third Assessment Report) suggests that the radiative forcing of tropospheric ozone is about 25% that of carbon dioxide. 1. First - Ozone produced by plants and trees has small chances to survive in the crossing and the lifting of the atmosphere to shield the Earth's ozone. Afforestation should be increased, but this process is long and insufficient. 2. Second - Ozone produced from ultraviolet rays is not sufficient. 3. Third - A large quantity of ozone is produced by lightnings during storms. Since we have a large deficit of high ozone (where it is absolutely necessary) should produce ozone industrial (in large quantities) to great heights by artificial lightning, man-made. One has to hurry this process, especially now when because the nuclear experiments we have a large deficit of ozone at high heights (and even a hole in the "Ozone Shield", which must be disposed of emergency). The first artificial lightning which already can one uses, is the cold plasma. About the Cold Plasma In the cold plasma method, pure oxygen gas is exposed to a plasma created by dielectric barrier discharge. The diatomic oxygen is split into single atoms, which then recombine in triplets to form ozone. Cold plasma machine utilizes pure oxygen as the input source and produce a maximum concentration of about 5% ozone. It produce far greater quantities of ozone in a given space of time compared to ultraviolet production. It has the aspect of a Lightning. These machines will be located at high altitudes, the high peak mountains. At an average number of about 300 per second that lightning hit the earth's atmosphere, with a hole of about 10% of world land area, we needed about 30 lightning machines only this machines have a ritm of one lightning per second. If this rate can not be sustained or the power and flow will be lower than those of an average lightning known, then will put more machines accordingly. Lightning is an example of plasma present at Earth's surface. Typically, lightning discharges 30,000 amperes, at up to 100 million volts, and emits light, radio waves, x-rays and even gamma rays. Plasma temperatures in lightning can approach 28,000 kelvin (27,700°C) and electron densities may exceed 1024/m³.

Obtaining Energy by the Annihilation of an Electron with a Positron

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THE DESIGN OF GEARINGS WITH HIGH EFFICIENCY [Paperback] Florian PETRESCU (Author), Relly PETRESCU (Contributor) Price: �8.47 & this item Delivered FREE in the UK with Super Saver Delivery. See details and conditions You Save: �1.49 (15%) o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o In stock. Dispatched from and sold by Amazon.co.uk. Gift-wrap available. Want guaranteed delivery by Thursday, April 14? Order it in the next 13 hours and 32 minutes, and choose Express delivery at checkout. See Details

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Alberton, Prince Edward Island A aparut o noua carte �n seria Robotica si Mecatronica. Cartea "SISTEME MECANICE MOBILE SERIALE ?I PARALELE" este un curs specializat. Cartea se plateste online, cu card, si soseste acasa in circa o saptamana. Cand se face plata cu cardul, in urma inscrierii, se lasa si o adresa unde cartea va fi adusa prin posta, sau curier, in functie si de taxa platita. Ea poate fi achizitionata de la una din adresele webs: http://www.lulu.com/product/paperback/mechanical-systems-serial-and-parallel/14924864 http://www.amazon.co.uk/Mechanical-Systems-Parallel-Florian-PETRESCU/dp/1446600394

Primul capitol prezinta o scurta istorie a aparitiei si dezvoltarii motoarelor cu ardere interna, deoarece acestea au dezvoltat mecanismele de distributie. Al doilea capitol prezinta cateva modele dinamice utilizate pentru a studia mecanismele de distributie. Capitolul 3 prezinta dinamica reala a mecanismelor de distributie, exemplificata prin mecanismul clasic cu cama rotativa si tachet (plat, cu miscare de translatie). Capitolul 4 face analiza dinamica pentru sistemul traditional de distributie. Capitolul 5, se ocupa cu studiul dinamic al mecanismului cu cama rotativa si tachet translant cu rola. Capitolul 6, se ocupa cu modulul F dinamic, care este tot cu tachet cu rola, dar care are o miscare de rotatie incompleta (balans). Capitolul 7 (ultimul) prezinta mai concentrat, modulul H, care reprezinta cama rotativa cu tachet plat balansier. Cartea este scrisa in limba romana.

Prima paginaStiriEvenimenteAnunturiAu nevoie de ajutor!Firme romanestiLink-uriForum Sisteme mecanice seriale si paralele Anunturi > Carti / Reviste > Prince Edward Island > Alberton > Anuntul nr. 66 din 30 martie 2011 A aparut o noua carte �n seria Robotica si Mecatronica. Cartea "SISTEME MECANICE MOBILE SERIALE ?I PARALELE" este un curs specializat. Cartea se plateste online, cu card, si soseste acasa in circa o saptamana. Cand se face plata cu cardul, in urma inscrierii, se lasa si o adresa unde cartea va fi adusa prin posta, sau curier, in functie si de taxa platita. Ea poate fi achizitionata de la una din adresele webs: http://www.lulu.com/product/paperback/mechanical-systems-serial-and-parallel/14924864 http://www.amazon.co.uk/Mechanical-Systems-Parallel-Florian-PETRESCU/dp/1446600394 Pentru informatii suplimentare suna la Florian Petrescu, telefon 4072404034 sau trimite un email. Cuvinte cheie: Roboti, Mecatronica, Sisteme mecanice seriale si paralele, Inginerie, Tehnologie, Stiinta

In domeniul robotica si mecatronica a aparut recent cartea: Sisteme mecanice seriale si paralele (Editata complet in limba romana). Autori: Florian PETRESCU si Relly PETRESCU de la UPB (Universitatea Politehnica Bucuresti), din ROMANIA. ISBN: 978-1-4466-0039-9

Getting energy, renewable, clean, friendly (not dangerous), cheaper, by annihilation. For example, the annihilation of an electron with an anti electron (positron). Electron and positron are obtained by extracting them from atoms; the extraction, consume a negligible amount of energy. Then, the two particles are brought near one another (collision). Occurs the phenomenon of annihilation, when the rest mass is converted totally into energy (gamma photons). Occur gamma photons, as many as needed to retrieve the total energy of the electron and positron (rest energy and kinetic energy); usually one can get two or three gamma particles (when we have a lower annihilation, ie two antiparticles with lower energy, each with a little beyond rest mass, ie the particles are accelerated at a low-speed motion), but we can get more particles when we have a high annihilation (ie when the particle energy is high and the particles were strongly accelerated before the collision). Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/5636352

Abstract: Tema tezei de doctorat este deosebit de important?, util? ?i interesant? pentru c? abordeaz? o problematic? complex? de mare actualitate privind dinamica mecanismelor plane cu came, tache?i ?i angrenaje cu ro?i din?ate cu axe paralele. Cercet?rile s-au efectuat pe baza unei vaste bibliografii, care cuprinde cele mai reprezentative lucr?ri �n acest domeniu. Con?inutul tezei se ridic? la cele mai mari exigen?e impuse unei lucr?ri de doctorat ?i are un �nalt nivel ?tiin?ific. Rezultatele ob?inute au fost interpretate corect ?i au fost valorificate prin publicarea mai multor lucr?ri ?tiin?ifice �n str?in?tate ?i �n ?ar?, lucr?ri ce se bucur? de aprecierea speciali?tilor din construc?ia de ma?ini. Teza con?ine foarte multe elemente de originalitate ca: rezolvarea ecua?iei diferen?iale a mi?c?rii, modelul dinamic de integrare, analiza dinamic? a mecanismului clasic de distribu?ie, dinamica mecanismelor de distribu?ie cu tachet translant, respectiv balansier, cu rol? sau plat, calculul randamentului mecanic al cuplei tachet-cam? printr-o metod? absolut original?, determinarea randamentului angrenajelor cu ro?i din?ate cu axe paralele, randamentul instantaneu, randamentul mediu, calculul angrenajelor interioare, determinarea randamentului angrenajelor ?in�nd seama de gradul de acoperire, sinteza angrenajelor cu ro?i din?ate cu axe paralele pe baza randamentului �n func?ionare, etc. Concluziile la care a ajuns autorul sunt foarte importante at�t din punct de vedere teoretic c�t ?i practic; astfel a stabilit c?: tachetul cu rol? permite o m?rire a tura?iei motorului p�n? la o valoare dubl? fa?? de modelul clasic (cu tachet plat), angrenajele cu ro?i din?ate pot lucra la tura?ii ?i momente de torsiune ridicate cu randamente mecanice foarte mari, randamentul cel mai mare se �nt�lne?te la angrenajele interioare cu roata (inel) av�nd dantur? interioar? conduc?toare, iar la angrenajele cu dantur? exterioar? randamentul este mai mare c�nd roata mare este conduc?toare; cu c�t unghiul normal de angrenare scade, cre?te gradul de acoperire ?i odat? cu el ?i randamentul angren?rii; randamentul mai cre?te ?i odat? cu num?rul de din?i ai ro?ii conduc?toare, etc. Prin problematica abordat?, teza de doctorat a dl. ing. Florian Ion PETRESCU, sub conducerea ?tiin?ific? a prof. dr. ing. P?un ANTONESCU, se �nscrie �n contextul sistematiz?rii ?i perfec?ion?rii sistemelor mecanice existente, prin crearea de noi mecanisme adaptate cerin?elor moderne, ceea ce implic? structuri topologice tot mai complexe. Scopul lucr?rii este de a construi modele noi teoretice ?i aplicative �n analiza ?i sinteza dinamic? a mecanismelor cu came ?i ro?i din?ate plane. Teza de doctorat este structurat? �n trei p?r?i: prima parte prezint? dinamica mecanismelor plane cu came, tache?i ?i supape, partea a doua prezint? dinamica mecanismelor plane formate din angrenaje cu ro?i din?ate cu axe paralele, iar partea a treia con?ine concluzii ?i enumerarea contribu?iilor originale, c�t ?i anexe. Bibliografia este ata?at? fiec?rei p?r?i.

Obtaining Energy by the Annihilation of an Electron with a Positron.

ARTICLES BY FLORIAN ION TIBERIU PETRESCU

Gear Solution

enewable energy is energy which comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable (naturally replenished). In 2008, about 19% of global final energy consumption came from renewables, with 13% coming from traditional biomass, which is mainly used for heating, and 3.2% from hydroelectricity. New renewables (small hydro, modern biomass, wind, solar, geothermal, and biofuels) accounted for another 2.7% and are growing very rapidly. The share of renewables in electricity generation is around 18%, with 15% of global electricity coming from hydroelectricity and 3% from new renewables. This paper aims to disseminate new methods of obtaining energy. After 1950, began to appear nuclear fission plants. The fission energy was a necessary evil. In this mode it stretched the oil life, avoiding an energy crisis. Even so, the energy obtained from oil represents about 66% of all energy used. At this rate of use of oil, it will be consumed in about 40 years. Today, the production of energy obtained by nuclear fusion is not yet perfect prepared. But time passes quickly. We must rush to implement of the additional sources of energy already known, but and find new energy sources. In these circumstances this paper comes to proposing possible new energy sources.

The first chapter presents a brief history of the emergence and development of the internal combustion engines, because they have developed the distribution mechanisms. The second chapter presents some dynamic models used to study the mechanisms of distribution. Chapter 3 presents the actual dynamics of distribution mechanisms, exemplified by the traditional mechanism with rotary cam and follower (flat, with translant movement). Chapter 4 makes the dynamic analysis for traditional distribution system. Chapter 5, dealing with dynamic study of the mechanism with rotary cam and translant follower with roller. Chapter 6, dealing with F dynamic module, who is still as well with a roller follower, but which has a rotating movement. Chapter 7 (the last) presents more focused, module H, which representing the rotary cam with flat rotating follower. The book is written in Romanian.